Aluminum, Al
SMCL	0.05 to 0.2 mg/l
Risks or effects	Possible role in Alzheimer's disease, Discoloration of water
Sources	Furnace, building materials Electrical equipment Natural deposits
Treatment	Reverse Osmosis , Distillation, Ion Exchange

Chloride, Cl
SMCL	250 mg/l
Risks or effects	High blood pressure, salty taste, corroded pipes, fixtures and appliances, blackening and pitting of stainless steel
Sources	Fertilizers, animal sewage, septic system Road salt, fertilizers Industrial wastes Minerals, seawater
Treatment	Reverse Osmosis , Distillation, Activated Carbon

Iron, Fe
SMCL	0.3 mg/l
Risks or effects	Brackish color, rusty sediment, bitter or metallic taste, brown-green stains, iron bacteria, discolored beverages
Sources	Leaching of cast iron pipes in water distribution systems Natural
Treatment	Chlorination , Ion Exchange Water Softener, Oxidizing Filter , Green-sand Mechanical Filter, Distillation

Manganese, Mn
SMCL	0.05 mg/l
Risks or effects	Brownish color, black stains on laundry and fixtures at .2 mg/l, bitter taste, altered taste of water-mixed beverages
Sources	Landfills Deposits in rock and soil
Treatment	Ion Exchange , Chlorination, Oxidizing Filter , Green-sand Mechanical Filter

Silver, Ag
SMCL	0.10 mg/l
Risks or effects	Agyria, a permanent blue-gray discoloration of skin, irritation of mucus membranes and eyes
Sources	Ore mining, photographic procedures, jewelry making Natural deposits
Treatment	Ion Exchange , Reverse Osmosis, Distillation

Sodium, Na
Primary	20 mg/l recommended level
Risks or effects	Possible high blood pressure in susceptible individuals
Sources	Septic system Road Salt Salt water intrustion, Minerals
Treatment	Distillation , Reverse Osmosis , Ion Exchange

Sulfate, SO4 and Hydrogen Sulfide
SMCL	250 mg/l
Risks or effects	Bitter, medicinal taste, scaly deposits, corrosion, laxative effects, "rotten-egg" odor from hydrogen sulfide gas formation
Sources	Animal sewage, septic system Sewage By-product of coal mining, industrial waste Natural deposits or salt
Sulfate Treatment	Ion Exchange , Distillation , Reverse Osmosis
Hydrogen Sulfide Treatment	Activated Carbon, Oxidizing Filter, Aeration, Chlorination , Green-sand Mechanical Filter

Zinc, Zn
SMCL	5 mg/l
Risks or effects	Metallic taste
Sources	Leaching of galvanized pipes and fittings, paints, dyes Natural deposits
Treatment	Ion Exchange Water Softeners, Reverse Osmosis, Distillation

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